Heretics sometimes get a bum rap. One of the most famous events in Church history was the Arian controversy of the 4th century, resolution of which led to among other things the Nicene Creed. On the one hand, the priest Arius and like-minded bishops such as Eusebius of Nicomedia perceived Jesus as a highly moral person created and then adopted by God as his Son, with Jesus being raised from the dead and granted a divine yet subordinate status. To future saint Athanasius and his mentor Alexander of Alexandria, the Arian position was destructive since their view was that Jesus was fully and equally God, which not only upheld the principle of monotheism but was necessary if one were to believe that Christ was capable of offering mankind moral and physical salvation. It was a genuinely undecided issue, with support for the respective positions ebbing and flowing practically year by year, city by city, council by council, emperor by emperor. It deeply involved the urban, Greek-speaking Christian laity, who were no country bumpkins. Cities at the heart of the Roman world in late antiquity – Alexandria, Antioch and then Constantinople – were sophisticated metropolises where trade, commerce, art, and learning flourished. Gregory of Nyssa later in the century quipped about Constantinople that “in this city if you ask a shopkeeper for change, he will argue with you about whether the Son is begotten or unbegotten”. Not one, not two, but at least four councils deemed Arian’s views to be orthodox prior to his death although that position eventually lost out. Meanwhile Athanasius repeatedly was hit with charges of financial extortion and incitement of violence, all of which resulted in Athanasius being exiled on five different occasions totalling almost 20 years by multiple emperors. But the Athanasius position eventually won out.